Mục từ này cần được bình duyệt
Khác biệt giữa các bản “Trung đại”
Dòng 25: Dòng 25:
 
* {{cite book |author=Bauer, Susan Wise |author-link=Susan Wise Bauer |title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-05975-5 |year=2010}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Bauer, Susan Wise |author-link=Susan Wise Bauer |title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-05975-5 |year=2010}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Benton, Janetta Rebold |author-link=Janetta Rebold Benton |title=Art of the Middle Ages |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |series=World of Art |location=London |isbn=0-500-20350-4}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Benton, Janetta Rebold |author-link=Janetta Rebold Benton |title=Art of the Middle Ages |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |series=World of Art |location=London |isbn=0-500-20350-4}}
* {{cite web |author=British Library Staff |publisher=[[British Library]] |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |title=Incunabula Short Title Catalogue |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=8 April 2012}}
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* {{cite book |author=British Library Staff |publisher=[[British Library]] |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |title=Incunabula Short Title Catalogue |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=8 April 2012}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Brown, Peter |author-link=Peter Brown (historian) |title=The World of Late Antiquity AD 150–750 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |year=1989 |isbn=0-393-95803-5 |series=Library of World Civilization}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Brown, Peter |author-link=Peter Brown (historian) |title=The World of Late Antiquity AD 150–750 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |year=1989 |isbn=0-393-95803-5 |series=Library of World Civilization}}
 
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Brown, Thomas |title=The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean, 400–900 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor=Holmes, George |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=1–62}}
 
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Brown, Thomas |title=The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean, 400–900 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor=Holmes, George |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=1–62}}
Dòng 47: Dòng 47:
 
* {{cite book |author=Grant, Edward |author-link=Edward Grant |title=God and Reason in the Middle Ages |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-80279-6}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Grant, Edward |author-link=Edward Grant |title=God and Reason in the Middle Ages |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-80279-6}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Grant, Edward |author-link=Edward Grant |title=Planets, Stars, & Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-43344-0}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Grant, Edward |author-link=Edward Grant |title=Planets, Stars, & Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-43344-0}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Grierson, Philip |authorlink=Philip Grierson |title=Coinage and currency |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames and Hudson |editor=Loyn, H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=97–98}}
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* {{cite book |author=Grierson, Philip |authorlink=Philip Grierson |title=Coinage and currency |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames and Hudson |editor=Loyn, H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=97–98}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Griffiths, Antony |title=Prints and Printmaking |year=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=0-7141-2608-X |location=London}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Griffiths, Antony |title=Prints and Printmaking |year=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=0-7141-2608-X |location=London}}
 
* {{cite book |author1=Hallam, Elizabeth M. |author2=Everard, Judith |title=Capetian France 987–1328 |edition=Second |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0-582-40428-2}}
 
* {{cite book |author1=Hallam, Elizabeth M. |author2=Everard, Judith |title=Capetian France 987–1328 |edition=Second |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0-582-40428-2}}
Dòng 105: Dòng 105:
 
* {{cite book |author=Watts, John |title=The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-79664-4}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Watts, John |title=The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-79664-4}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Whitton, David |title=The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900–1200 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor=Holmes, George |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=115–174}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Whitton, David |title=The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900–1200 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor=Holmes, George |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=115–174}}
* {{cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |author-link=Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}}
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* {{cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |author-link=Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Cantor, Norman F. |author-link=Norman Cantor |title=Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century |year=1991 |publisher=W. Morrow |location=New York |isbn= 978-0-688-09406-5}}
+
* {{cite book|author=Cantor, Norman F. |author-link=Norman Cantor |title=Inventing the Middle Ages : The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century |year=1991 |publisher=W. Morrow |location=New York |isbn= 978-0-688-09406-5}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Gurevich, Aron |author-link= Aron Gurevich |title=Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1992 |location=Chicago |isbn= 978-0-226-31083-1 |editor=Howlett, Janet (translator)}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Gurevich, Aron |author-link= Aron Gurevich |title=Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1992 |location=Chicago |isbn= 978-0-226-31083-1 |editor=Howlett, Janet (translator)}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Smith, Julia |title=Europe After Rome : A New Cultural History, 500–1000 |year=2005 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn= 978-0-19-924427-0}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Smith, Julia |title=Europe After Rome : A New Cultural History, 500–1000 |year=2005 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn= 978-0-19-924427-0}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Stuard, Susan Mosher |title=Women in Medieval History and Historiography |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press |year= 1987 |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn= 978-0-8122-1290-7}}
 
* {{cite book |author=Stuard, Susan Mosher |title=Women in Medieval History and Historiography |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press |year= 1987 |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn= 978-0-8122-1290-7}}
 
===Tư liệu===
 
===Tư liệu===
* [http://www.the-orb.net/ ORB The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies]
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* [http://www.the-orb.net/ The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies]
 
* [https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/ The Labyrinth]
 
* [https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/ The Labyrinth]
 
* [http://www.netserf.org/ NetSERF - The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources]
 
* [http://www.netserf.org/ NetSERF - The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources]

Phiên bản lúc 19:33, ngày 26 tháng 10 năm 2020

Trung đại là thuật ngữ do học giới hiện đại áp dụng cho giai đoạn trung gian trong tiến trình lịch sử nhân loại. Tuy nhiên, tùy mỗi ý thức hệ lại có cách phân biệt mốc thời gian khác nhau.

Thuật ngữ

Trung đại (中代) là lối diễn Nôm thuật ngữ media tempestas xuất hiện trong một văn bản Latin năm 1469, sau được biến thể nhiều ngôn ngữ khác[1][2][3]. Trong các tài liệu Việt Nam thập niên 1980 về trước, thuật ngữ này đôi khi được diễn nghĩa tối là trung cổ, nay đã bỏ.

Lịch sử

Trung đại là giai đoạn lịch sử tương đối dài, nhưng so với tiền thân là cổ đại, giai đoạn này gắn với sự kiện toàn hóa các thiết chế chính trịpháp luật để tiến tới kiến tạo mô hình quốc gia, đặc biệt là sự thăng hoa văn nghệ để tiến tới kiến tạo bản sắc quốc gia hoặc thị tộc, ngoài ra báo hiệu sự phát triển thương nghiệpkĩ nghệ. Đây cũng là thời đại chứng kiến sức công phá tàn bạo của chiến tranh, dịch bệnhthiên tai, mà nhờ thế làm căn bản cho sự hoàn thiện hóa các lí thuyết về nhân học và cả nhân trị.

Á châu

Lịch sử trung đại Á châu thường được coi là giai đoạn vẻ vang nhất, thậm chí có những thời điểm người Á châu tự hào là trung tâm văn minh thế giới. Tuy vậy, toàn bộ văn minh Á châu trung đại căn bản tiến triển theo 3 trục :

Âu châu

Lịch sử trung đại Âu châu được phân thành 3 giai đoạn : Sơ kì, trung kì và hậu kì. Theo truyền thống, mốc khởi đầu là năm 476 SCN với sự kiện La Mã đế quốc phân liệt hóa[9], thời điểm kết thúc là năm 1350 khi Hắc Tử Bệnh làm tê liệt hình thái chính trị xã hội lỗi thời và thúc đẩy tiến trình khai phóng toàn diện. Có thời kì dài trong thế kỉ XIX, học giới Âu châu coi trung đại là thời hắc ám bởi ở phần lớn thời gian tồn tại đặc tính hỗn loạn về thiết chế chính trị xã hội và tù đọng về phương diện tinh thần, ngoài ra do tri thức về thời đại này còn lắm tồn nghi. Thành kiến này tới nay đã bị bác do sự phát triển của văn tự họckhảo cổ học.

Tham khảo

Liên kết

  1. Power, Central Middle Ages p. 3
  2. Miglio "Curial Humanism", Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism p. 112
  3. Albrow, Global Age p. 205
  4. Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001), Chronology of Prophetic Events, London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., tr. 51–52
  5. Marom, Roy (Fall 2017), "Approaches to the Research of Early Islam : The Hijrah in Western Historiography", Jama'a, 23: vii
  6. Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, tr. 265, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7
  7. A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism : Sikh Religion and Philosophy, p. 86, Routledge, W. Owen Cole, Piara Singh Sambhi, 2005
  8. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 127–129
  9. Sự kết thúc trung đại Âu châu

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