Kết quả API MediaWiki

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            "1116": {
                "pageid": 1116,
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                "title": "Res Gestae Divi Augusti",
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                        "*": "{{m\u1edbi}}\n{{Infobox book\n| name           = Res Gestae Divi Augusti\n| image          = Res Gestae.jpg\n| caption        = Sao b\u1ea3n ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' trong di t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd [[Augustus]] t\u1ea1i [[Ankara]].\n| alt            = \n| author         = \n| title_orig     = \n| working_title  = \n| translator     = \n| illustrator    = \n| cover_artist   = \n| country        = [[H\u00ecnh:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg|23px]] [[La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c]]\n| language       = [[Latin|La v\u0103n]]\n| series         = \n| release_number = \n| subject        = Truy\u1ec7n k\u00ed\n| genre          = Minh v\u0103n\n| publisher      = \n| pub_date       = Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 14 CN\n| pages          = \n| awards         = \n| isbn           = \n| oclc           = \n| congress       = \n| preceded_by    = \n| followed_by    = \n}}\n'''Res Gestae Divi Augusti''' (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch ''Augustus ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ed'' ho\u1eb7c ''Augustus ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh k\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng bi v\u0103n'') l\u00e0 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1eadu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t cho b\u00e0i [[minh v\u0103n]] tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 [[sa ho\u00e0ng]] [[Augustus]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Augustus|title=Res Gestae Divi Augusti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWZ3dsI1mKQC|date=14 May 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84152-8}}</ref>.\n\nT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u [[c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i]] nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1edbi nay<ref>''Understanding Roman Inscriptions'' by Lawrence Keppie. 1991. pp. 132\u2013133</ref>.\n==L\u1ecbch s\u1eed==\nC\u1ee9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n ngay sau khi [[sa ho\u00e0ng]] [[Augustus]] b\u0103ng h\u00e0 (n\u0103m 14 [[C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean]]), nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tu ch\u00ednh. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n [[Augustus]] ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m [[di chi\u1ebfu]] n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u [[nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o vi\u1ec7n]] ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc.\n\nNguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 [[sa ho\u00e0ng]] [[Augustus]], nay \u00e1n ng\u1eef khu c\u1ed5 t\u00edch [[Campus Martius]] thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh [[Roma]]. Qua bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t.\n\nTuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec [[La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c]] h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, b\u00e0i minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean [[th\u1ea1ch bi]] r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng song ng\u1eef [[Ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p|Hi]]-[[Latin|La]]. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i [[Ankara]] \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y.\n==N\u1ed9i dung==\nTo\u00e0n b\u00e0i minh g\u1ed3m 35 \u0111o\u1ea1n, chia 4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00e8m l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a v\u00e0 b\u1ea1t. T\u1ef1u trung l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n [[ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb]] c\u1ee7a [[sa ho\u00e0ng]] [[Augustus]] d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (ego), nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn [[sa ho\u00e0ng]]. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 [[v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m]] [[C\u1ed5 La M\u00e3]].\n* '''T\u1ef1a''' : L\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p [[sa ho\u00e0ng]] [[Augustus]].\n* '''\u0110o\u1ea1n 02 \u2192 14''' (Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) : Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vinh d\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t (c\u1ed1 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u1eb3ng nguy\u00ean danh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169).\n* '''\u0110o\u1ea1n 15 \u2192 24''' (Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng \u00edch) : Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp ban ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u1ea5y t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n t\u00fai b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.\n* '''\u0110o\u1ea1n 25 \u2192 33''' (Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) : M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i [[La M\u00e3]] t\u1ea1i [[\u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i]].\n* '''\u0110o\u1ea1n 34 \u2192 35''' (Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) : N\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.\n* '''B\u1ea1t''' : L\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt b\u00e0i minh, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh thi c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c v\u1ed1n 600 tri\u1ec7u [[denarius]] (kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ec9 [[M\u0129 kim]] n\u0103m 2020).\nPh\u1ea7n T\u1ef1a v\u00e0 N\u1ed9i Dung so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ri\u00eang B\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n sau khi [[sa ho\u00e0ng]] m\u1ea5t.\n{{cquote|''N\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi-ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i, d\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c s\u00e1ng-ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00e0i-s\u1ea3n ra tr\u01b0ng-t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u-chu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng-h\u00f2a kh\u1ecfi \u00e1p-b\u00e1ch b\u1edfi phe thi\u1ec3u-s\u1ed1. Nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng-t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean-l\u00e3o vi\u1ec7n ban m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p-l\u1ec7nh bi\u1ec3u-d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi Gaius Pansa v\u00e0 Aulus Hirtius \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed ch\u1ea5p-ch\u00ednh quan, b\u00e8n ch\u1ec9-\u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh-vi\u00ean nguy\u00ean-l\u00e3o vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t-ng\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng ch\u1ea5p-ch\u00ednh quan, khi\u1ebfn d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng-tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ed1i. Nguy\u00ean-l\u00e3o vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u1eed d\u01b0 ki\u00eam \u0111\u1ea1i-ph\u00e1p quan, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng-v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecb v\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p-ch\u00ednh quan coi-qu\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c-s\u1ef1, cho b\u1edd-c\u00f5i b\u1edbt ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ed5n. C\u0169ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y, khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p-ch\u00ednh quan tr\u1eadn-vong, d\u00e2n-s\u1ef1 b\u00e8n b\u1ea7u d\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p-ch\u00ednh, khi\u1ebfn d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 tam-\u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n qu\u00e2n-qu\u1ed1c.''|||Tr\u00edch ''Augustus ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ed'', Ng\u1ecdc Giao d\u1ecbch, 2018}}\n==Tham kh\u1ea3o==\n* [[Aeneis]]\n==Li\u00ean k\u1ebft==\n{{reflist|4}}\n===T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u===\n* Barini, Concetta (1937), ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano, Antiocheno, Apolloniensi'', Roma.\n* [[Alison Cooley|Cooley, Alison]] (2009), ''Res Gestae divi Augusti : Text, Translation and Commentary'', Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009.\n* Gag\u00e9, Jean (1935), ''Res gestae divi Augusti ex monumentis Ancyrano et Antiocheno latinis'', Paris.\n* Mommsen, Theodor (1865). ''Res gestae Divi Augusti ex monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi''. Berolini : Weidmannos, 1865.\n* [[John Scheid|Scheid. John]] (2007). ''Res Gestae Divi Augusti : hauts faits du divin Auguste''. Paris : Belles Lettres, 2007.\n* Volkmann, Hans (1942), ''Res gestae Divi Augusti Das Monumentum Ancyranum'', Leipzig.\n===T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u===\n* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html The ''Res Gestae'' at LacusCurtius]\n* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/aug.html The ''Res Gestae'' (Latin)]\n* [http://classics.mit.edu/Augustus/deeds.html The ''Res Gestae'' at the Internet Classics Archive]\n* [http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=aug_Bk01_01 Life and deeds of Augustus (English)]\n[[Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i:C\u1ed5 La M\u00e3]]\n[[Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i:V\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i]]\n[[Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i:V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n]]\n[[Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i:\u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc]]\n[[Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i:Truy\u1ec7n k\u00ed]]"
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            "3676": {
                "pageid": 3676,
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                "title": "Robert Burns Woodward",
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                        "*": "{{s\u01a1}}[[H\u00ecnh:Robert Burns Woodward portrait.jpg|nh\u1ecf|Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Robert Burns Woodward, n\u0103m 1965]]\n'''Robert Burns Woodward''' (1917-1979) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 [[ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc]] ng\u01b0\u1eddi [[M\u1ef9]].\n==Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed==\nRobert Burns Woodward sinh ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1917 t\u1ea1i Boston, M\u1ef9, l\u00e0 con duy nh\u1ea5t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, b\u1ed1 g\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 g\u1ed1c Scotland. \u00d4ng m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i cha khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 2 tu\u1ed5i.\n \nRobert c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, khi c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Quincy, ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Boston. Khi h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc, Robert \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 16 tu\u1ed5i, v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, Robert \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Massachusetts (MIT). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ham th\u00edch to\u00e1n, v\u0103n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu d\u00e0nh h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian cho h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Robert \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y, n\u0103m 19 tu\u1ed5i, c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngay n\u0103m sau (1937), anh sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3  b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7  th\u00e0nh  c\u00f4ng  lu\u1eadn  \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn  s\u1ef9 khi v\u1eeba tr\u00f2n 20 tu\u1ed5i.\t \n\nSau \u0111\u00f3, Woodward v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhanh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3ng, PGS r\u1ed3i GS. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng danh hi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u1ebft. N\u0103m 1953, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Vi\u1ec7n s\u1ef9 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1963, \u00f4ng \u0111u\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Basel, Th\u1ee5y s\u1ef9.\n\nWoodward l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1979 do nh\u1ed3i m\u00e1u c\u01a1 tim khi \u0111ang ng\u1ee7.\n\n==\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p==\nL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, Woodward quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1ea1ch ra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m\u2026 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p do Woodward ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00edch kh\u00e1c.\n\nWoodward c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean l\u00ean t\u1edbi 250 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Cambridge, Basel v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, Robert Woodward \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean 200 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n 200 ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau.\n\nN\u0103m 1965, Robert Burns Woodward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1\u201d. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel, Woodward v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p [[vitamin B12]] ([[cyanocobalamin]]) m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971. T\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y, Woodward c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Roald Hoffmann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cQuy t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a orbital\u201d, mang t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 n\u00f3i chung, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. V\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, Roald Hoffmann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981, sau khi Woodward \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Hoffmann.\n\nWoodward l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n s\u1ef9 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt M\u1ef9, H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia (t\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc) Anh, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Ho\u00e0ng gia Ailen, Vi\u1ec7n s\u1ef9 danh d\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc \u00c1o, H\u1ed9i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc B\u1ec9, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, H\u1ed9i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c; th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Weizmann, H\u1ed9i D\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Basel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean Woodward \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng. H\u1ed9i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i Woodward \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1.\n\n===C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel===\nN\u0103m 1965, Robert Burns Woodward, GS. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Havard, M\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1\u201d. Trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Woodward v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3.\n\nTuy gi\u1ea3i Nobel d\u00e0nh cho Woodward l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1942, c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng quang ph\u1ed5 t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cc\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc Woodward\u201d, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a penicillin (1945), strychnine (1947), tetramycin, aureomycin (1952) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.\n\nC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi William Doering l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quinine - m\u1ed9t alkaloid c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t (1944). V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c steroid nh\u01b0 cholesterol, cortisone (1951) v\u00e0 lanosterol (1954). Trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c alkaloid strychnine v\u00e0 acid lysergic, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh LSD. N\u0103m 1956, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p reserpine - th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed1c an th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa cao huy\u1ebft \u00e1p. B\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chlorophyll - ch\u1ea5t di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u00f3a, l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t - c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.\n\nCh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ng sinh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebft t\u00e1ch t\u1eeb thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1962, Woodward t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p tretracycline v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1965, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sporin C. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u00ed ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. \n\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Woodward \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c, c\u1ed9t sau cao h\u01a1n c\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh ph\u1ee5c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Woodward gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u201csai l\u1ea7m\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c do m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cv\u1ebd\u201d tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t Woodward t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c bu\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u00e1n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.\n\n==T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o==\n#Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c T\u00edn, C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c 2012.\n#P.T. Cleve, Les Prix Nobel en 1901, Nxb. Royale, Stockholm 1904.\n#Blout, Elkan, \"Robert Burns Woodward 1917-1979: A Biographical Memoir\", Nxb. The National Academy Press 2017.\n\n[[Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i:Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc]]"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    }
}